Linear Operator Continuous at One Point is Continuous on Whole Space

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a continuous linear operator or continuous linear mapping is a continuous linear transformation between topological vector spaces.

An operator between two normed spaces is a bounded linear operator if and only if it is a continuous linear operator.

Continuous linear operators [edit]

Characterizations of continuity [edit]

Suppose that F : X Y {\displaystyle F:X\to Y} is a linear operator between two topological vector spaces (TVSs). The following are equivalent:

  1. F {\displaystyle F} is continuous.
  2. F {\displaystyle F} is continuous at some point x X . {\displaystyle x\in X.}
  3. F {\displaystyle F} is continuous at the origin in X . {\displaystyle X.}

if Y {\displaystyle Y} is locally convex then this list may be extended to include:

  1. for every continuous seminorm q {\displaystyle q} on Y , {\displaystyle Y,} there exists a continuous seminorm p {\displaystyle p} on X {\displaystyle X} such that q F p . {\displaystyle q\circ F\leq p.} [1]

if X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} are both Hausdorff locally convex spaces then this list may be extended to include:

  1. F {\displaystyle F} is weakly continuous and its transpose t F : Y X {\displaystyle {}^{t}F:Y^{\prime }\to X^{\prime }} maps equicontinuous subsets of Y {\displaystyle Y^{\prime }} to equicontinuous subsets of X . {\displaystyle X^{\prime }.}

if X {\displaystyle X} is a sequential space (such as a pseudometrizable space) then this list may be extended to include:

  1. F {\displaystyle F} is sequentially continuous at some (or equivalently, at every) point of its domain.

if X {\displaystyle X} is pseudometrizable or metrizable (such as a normed or Banach space) then we may add to this list:

  1. F {\displaystyle F} is a bounded linear operator (that is, it maps bounded subsets of X {\displaystyle X} to bounded subsets of Y {\displaystyle Y} ).[2]

if Y {\displaystyle Y} is seminormable space (such as a normed space) then this list may be extended to include:

  1. F {\displaystyle F} maps some neighborhood of 0 to a bounded subset of Y . {\displaystyle Y.} [3]

if X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} are both normed or seminormed spaces (with both seminorms denoted by {\displaystyle \|\cdot \|} ) then this list may be extended to include:

  1. for every r > 0 {\displaystyle r>0} there exists some δ > 0 {\displaystyle \delta >0} such that

     for all x , y X ,  if x y < δ  then F x F y < r . {\displaystyle {\text{ for all }}x,y\in X,{\text{ if }}\|x-y\|<\delta {\text{ then }}\|Fx-Fy\|<r.}

if X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} are Hausdorff locally convex spaces with Y {\displaystyle Y} finite-dimensional then this list may be extended to include:

  1. the graph of F {\displaystyle F} is closed in X × Y . {\displaystyle X\times Y.} [4]

Continuity and boundedness [edit]

Throughout, F : X Y {\displaystyle F:X\to Y} is a linear map between topological vector spaces (TVSs).

Bounded on a set

The notion of "bounded set" for a topological vector space is that of being a von Neumann bounded set. If the space happens to also be a normed space (or a seminormed space), such as the scalar field with the absolute value for instance, then a subset S {\displaystyle S} is von Neumann bounded if and only if it is norm bounded; that is, if and only if sup s S s < . {\displaystyle \sup _{s\in S}\|s\|<\infty .} If S X {\displaystyle S\subseteq X} is a set then F : X Y {\displaystyle F:X\to Y} is said to be bounded on S {\displaystyle S} if F ( S ) {\displaystyle F(S)} is a bounded subset of Y , {\displaystyle Y,} which if ( Y , ) {\displaystyle (Y,\|\cdot \|)} is a normed (or seminormed) space happens if and only if sup s S F ( s ) < . {\displaystyle \sup _{s\in S}\|F(s)\|<\infty .} A linear map F {\displaystyle F} is bounded on a set S {\displaystyle S} if and only if it is bounded on x + S {\displaystyle x+S} for every x X {\displaystyle x\in X} (because F ( x + S ) = F ( x ) + F ( S ) {\displaystyle F(x+S)=F(x)+F(S)} and any translation of a bounded set is again bounded).

Bounded linear maps

By definition, a linear map F : X Y {\displaystyle F:X\to Y} between TVSs is said to be bounded and is called a bounded linear operator if for every (von Neumann) bounded subset B X {\displaystyle B\subseteq X} of its domain, F ( B ) {\displaystyle F(B)} is a bounded subset of it codomain; or said more briefly, if it is bounded on every bounded subset of its domain. When the domain X {\displaystyle X} is a normed (or seminormed) space then it suffices to check this condition for the open or closed unit ball centered at the origin. Explicitly, if B 1 {\displaystyle B_{1}} denotes this ball then F : X Y {\displaystyle F:X\to Y} is a bounded linear operator if and only if F ( B 1 ) {\displaystyle F\left(B_{1}\right)} is a bounded subset of Y ; {\displaystyle Y;} if Y {\displaystyle Y} is also a (semi)normed space then this happens if and only if the operator norm F := sup x 1 F ( x ) < {\displaystyle \|F\|:=\sup _{\|x\|\leq 1}\|F(x)\|<\infty } is finite. Every sequentially continuous linear operator is bounded.[5]

Bounded on a neighborhood and local boundedness

In contrast, a map F : X Y {\displaystyle F:X\to Y} is said to be bounded on a neighborhood of a point x X {\displaystyle x\in X} or locally bounded at x {\displaystyle x} if there exists a neighborhood U {\displaystyle U} of this point in X {\displaystyle X} such that F ( U ) {\displaystyle F(U)} is a bounded subset of Y . {\displaystyle Y.} It is " bounded on a neighborhood " (of some point) if there exists some point x {\displaystyle x} in its domain at which it is locally bounded, in which case this linear map F {\displaystyle F} is necessarily locally bounded at every point of its domain. The term " locally bounded " is sometimes used to refer to a map that is locally bounded at every point of its domain, but some functional analysis authors define "locally bounded" to instead be a synonym of "bounded linear operator", which are related but not equivalent concepts. For this reason, this article will avoid the term "locally bounded" and instead say "locally bounded at every point" (there is no disagreement about the definition of "locally bounded at a point").

Bounded on a neighborhood implies continuous implies bounded [edit]

A linear map is "bounded on a neighborhood" (of some point) if and only if it is locally bounded at every point of its domain, in which case it is necessarily continuous[2] (even if its domain is not a normed space) and thus also bounded (because a continuous linear operator is always a bounded linear operator).[6]

For any linear map, if it is bounded on a neighborhood then it is continuous,[2] [7] and if it is continuous then it is bounded.[6] The converse statements are not true in general but they are both true when the linear map's domain is a normed space. Examples and additional details are now given below.

Continuous and bounded but not bounded on a neighborhood [edit]

The next example shows that it is possible for a linear map to be continuous (and thus also bounded) but not bounded on any neighborhood. In particular, it demonstrates that being "bounded on a neighborhood" is not always synonymous with being "bounded".

Example: A continuous and bounded linear map that is not bounded on any neighborhood: If Id : X X {\displaystyle \operatorname {Id} :X\to X} is the identity map on some locally convex topological vector space then this linear map is always continuous (indeed, even a TVS-isomorphism) and bounded, but Id {\displaystyle \operatorname {Id} } is bounded on a neighborhood if and only if there exists a bounded neighborhood of the origin in X , {\displaystyle X,} which is equivalent to X {\displaystyle X} being a seminormable space (which if X {\displaystyle X} is Hausdorff, is the same as being a normable space). This shows that it is possible for a linear map to be continuous but not bounded on any neighborhood. Indeed, this example shows that every locally convex space that is not seminormable has a linear TVS-automorphism that is not bounded on any neighborhood of any point. Thus although every linear map that is bounded on a neighborhood is necessarily continuous, the converse is not guaranteed in general.

Guaranteeing converses [edit]

Guaranteeing that "continuous" implies "bounded on a neighborhood"

A TVS is said to be locally bounded if there exists a neighborhood that is also a bounded set.[8] For example, every normed or seminormed space is a locally bounded TVS since the unit ball centered at the origin is a bounded neighborhood of the origin. If B {\displaystyle B} is a bounded neighborhood of the origin in a (locally bounded) TVS then its image under any continuous linear map will be a bounded set (so this map is thus bounded on this neighborhood B {\displaystyle B} ). Consequently, a linear map from a locally bounded TVS into any other TVS is continuous if and only if it is bounded on a neighborhood. Moreover, any TVS with this property must be a locally bounded TVS. Explicitly, if X {\displaystyle X} is a TVS such that every continuous linear map (into any TVS) whose domain is X {\displaystyle X} is necessarily bounded on a neighborhood, then X {\displaystyle X} must be a locally bounded TVS (because the identity function X X {\displaystyle X\to X} is always a continuous linear map).

Any linear map from a TVS into a locally bounded TVS (such as any linear functional) is continuous if and only if it is bounded on a neighborhood.[8] Conversely, if Y {\displaystyle Y} is a TVS such that every continuous linear map (from any TVS) with codomain Y {\displaystyle Y} is necessarily bounded on a neighborhood, then Y {\displaystyle Y} must be a locally bounded TVS.[8] In particular, a linear functional on a arbitrary TVS is continuous if and only if it is bounded on a neighborhood.[8]

Thus when the domain or the codomain of a linear map is normable or seminormable, then continuity will be equivalent to being bounded on a neighborhood.

Guaranteeing that "bounded" implies "continuous"

A continuous linear operator is always a bounded linear operator.[6] But importantly, in the most general setting of a linear operator between arbitrary topological vector spaces, it is possible for a linear operator to be bounded but to not be continuous.

A linear map whose domain is pseudometrizable (such as any normed space) is bounded if and only if it is continuous.[2] The same is true of a linear map from a bornological space into a locally convex space.[6]

Guaranteeing that "bounded" implies "bounded on a neighborhood"

In general, without additional information about either the linear map or its domain or codomain, the map being "bounded" is not equivalent to it being "bounded on a neighborhood". If F : X Y {\displaystyle F:X\to Y} is a bounded linear operator from a normed space X {\displaystyle X} into some TVS then F : X Y {\displaystyle F:X\to Y} is necessarily continuous; this is because any open ball B {\displaystyle B} centered at the origin in X {\displaystyle X} is both a bounded subset (which implies that F ( B ) {\displaystyle F(B)} is bounded since F {\displaystyle F} is a bounded linear map) and a neighborhood of the origin in X , {\displaystyle X,} so that F {\displaystyle F} is thus bounded on this neighborhood B {\displaystyle B} of the origin, which (as mentioned above) guarantees continuity.

Continuous linear functionals [edit]

Every linear functional on a topological vector space (TVS) is a linear operator so all of the properties described above for continuous linear operators apply to them. However, because of their specialized nature, we can say even more about continuous linear functionals than we can about more general continuous linear operators.

Characterizing continuous linear functionals [edit]

Let X {\displaystyle X} be a topological vector space (TVS) over the field F {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} } ( X {\displaystyle X} need not be Hausdorff or locally convex) and let f : X F {\displaystyle f:X\to \mathbb {F} } be a linear functional on X . {\displaystyle X.} The following are equivalent:[1]

  1. f {\displaystyle f} is continuous.
  2. f {\displaystyle f} is uniformly continuous on X . {\displaystyle X.}
  3. f {\displaystyle f} is continuous at some point of X . {\displaystyle X.}
  4. f {\displaystyle f} is continuous at the origin.
    • By definition, f {\displaystyle f} said to be continuous at the origin if for every open (or closed) ball B r {\displaystyle B_{r}} of radius r > 0 {\displaystyle r>0} centered at 0 {\displaystyle 0} in the codomain F , {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} ,} there exists some neighborhood U {\displaystyle U} of the origin in X {\displaystyle X} such that f ( U ) B r . {\displaystyle f(U)\subseteq B_{r}.} If B r {\displaystyle B_{r}} is a closed ball then the condition f ( U ) B r {\displaystyle f(U)\subseteq B_{r}} holds if and only if sup u U | f ( u ) | r . {\displaystyle \sup _{u\in U}|f(u)|\leq r.}
      • However, assuming that B r {\displaystyle B_{r}} is instead an open ball, then sup u U | f ( u ) | < r {\displaystyle \sup _{u\in U}|f(u)|<r} is a sufficient but not necessary condition for f ( U ) B r {\displaystyle f(U)\subseteq B_{r}} to be true (consider for example when f = Id {\displaystyle f=\operatorname {Id} } is the identity map on X = F {\displaystyle X=\mathbb {F} } and U = B r {\displaystyle U=B_{r}} ), whereas the non-strict inequality sup u U | f ( u ) | r {\displaystyle \sup _{u\in U}|f(u)|\leq r} is instead a necessary but not sufficient condition for f ( U ) B r {\displaystyle f(U)\subseteq B_{r}} to be true (consider for example X = R , f = Id , {\displaystyle X=\mathbb {R} ,f=\operatorname {Id} ,} and the closed neighborhood U = [ r , r ] {\displaystyle U=[-r,r]} ). This is one of several reasons why many definitions involving linear functionals, such as polar sets for example, involve closed (rather than open) neighborhoods and non-strict {\displaystyle \,\leq \,} (rather than strict < {\displaystyle \,<\,} ) inequalities.
  5. f {\displaystyle f} is bounded on a neighborhood (of some point). Said differently, f {\displaystyle f} is a locally bounded at some point of its domain.
  6. f {\displaystyle f} is bounded on a neighborhood of the origin. Said differently, f {\displaystyle f} is a locally bounded at the origin.
  7. There exists some neighborhood U {\displaystyle U} of the origin such that sup u U | f ( u ) | 1 {\displaystyle \sup _{u\in U}|f(u)|\leq 1}
  8. f {\displaystyle f} is a locally bounded at every point of its domain.
  9. The kernel of f {\displaystyle f} is closed in X . {\displaystyle X.} [2]
  10. Either f = 0 {\displaystyle f=0} or else the kernel of f {\displaystyle f} is not dense in X . {\displaystyle X.} [2]
  11. There exists a continuous seminorm p {\displaystyle p} on X {\displaystyle X} such that | f | p . {\displaystyle |f|\leq p.}
  12. The graph of f {\displaystyle f} is closed.[9]
  13. Re f {\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} f} is continuous, where Re f {\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} f} denotes the real part of f . {\displaystyle f.}

if X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} are complex vector spaces then this list may be extended to include:

  1. The imaginary part of f {\displaystyle f} is continuous.

if the domain X {\displaystyle X} is a sequential space then this list may be extended to include:

  1. f {\displaystyle f} is sequentially continuous at some (or equivalently, at every) point of its domain.[2]

if the domain X {\displaystyle X} is metrizable or pseudometrizable (for example, a Fréchet space or a normed space) then this list may be extended to include:

  1. f {\displaystyle f} is a bounded linear operator (that is, it maps bounded subsets to bounded subsets).[2]

if the domain X {\displaystyle X} is a bornological space (for example, a pseudometrizable TVS) and Y {\displaystyle Y} is locally convex then this list may be extended to include:

  1. f {\displaystyle f} is a bounded linear operator.[2]
  2. f {\displaystyle f} is sequentially continuous at some (or equivalently, at every) point of its domain.[10]
  3. f {\displaystyle f} is sequentially continuous at the origin.

and if in addition X {\displaystyle X} is a vector space over the real numbers (which in particular, implies that f {\displaystyle f} is real-valued) then this list may be extended to include:

  1. There exists a continuous seminorm p {\displaystyle p} on X {\displaystyle X} such that f p . {\displaystyle f\leq p.} [1]
  2. For some real r , {\displaystyle r,} the half-space { x X : f ( x ) r } {\displaystyle \{x\in X:f(x)\leq r\}} is closed.
  3. The above statement but with the word "some" replaced by "any."[11]

Thus, if X {\displaystyle X} is a complex then either all three of f , {\displaystyle f,} Re f , {\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} f,} and Im f {\displaystyle \operatorname {Im} f} are continuous (resp. bounded), or else all three are discontinuous (resp. unbounded).

Examples [edit]

Every linear map whose domain is a finite-dimensional Hausdorff topological vector space (TVS) is continuous. This is not true if the finite-dimensional TVS is not Hausdorff.

Suppose X {\displaystyle X} is any Hausdorff TVS. Then every linear functional on X {\displaystyle X} is necessarily continuous if and only if every vector subspace of X {\displaystyle X} is closed.[12] Every linear functional on X {\displaystyle X} is necessarily a bounded linear functional if and only if every bounded subset of X {\displaystyle X} is contained in a finite-dimensional vector subspace.[13]

Properties [edit]

A locally convex metrizable topological vector space is normable if and only if every bounded linear functional on it is continuous.

A continuous linear operator maps bounded sets into bounded sets.

The proof uses the facts that the translation of an open set in a linear topological space is again an open set, and the equality

F 1 ( D ) + x = F 1 ( D + F ( x ) ) {\displaystyle F^{-1}(D)+x=F^{-1}(D+F(x))}

for any subset D {\displaystyle D} of Y {\displaystyle Y} and any x X , {\displaystyle x\in X,} which is true due to the additivity of F . {\displaystyle F.}

Properties of continuous linear functionals [edit]

If X {\displaystyle X} is a complex normed space and f {\displaystyle f} is a linear functional on X , {\displaystyle X,} then f = Re f {\displaystyle \|f\|=\|\operatorname {Re} f\|} [14] (where in particular, one side is infinite if and only if the other side is infinite).

Every non-trivial continuous linear functional on a TVS X {\displaystyle X} is an open map.[1] Note that if X {\displaystyle X} is a real vector space, f {\displaystyle f} is a linear functional on X , {\displaystyle X,} and p {\displaystyle p} is a seminorm on X , {\displaystyle X,} then | f | p {\displaystyle |f|\leq p} if and only if f p . {\displaystyle f\leq p.} [1]

If f : X F {\displaystyle f:X\to \mathbb {F} } is a linear functional and U X {\displaystyle U\subseteq X} is a non-empty subset, then by defining the sets

f ( U ) := { f ( u ) : u U }  and | f ( U ) | := { | f ( u ) | : u U } , {\displaystyle f(U):=\{f(u):u\in U\}\quad {\text{ and }}\quad |f(U)|:=\{|f(u)|:u\in U\},}

the supremum sup u U | f ( u ) | {\displaystyle \,\sup _{u\in U}|f(u)|\,} can be written more succinctly as sup | f ( U ) | {\displaystyle \,\sup |f(U)|\,} because

sup | f ( U ) | = sup { | f ( u ) | : u U } = sup u U | f ( u ) | . {\displaystyle \sup |f(U)|~=~\sup\{|f(u)|:u\in U\}~=~\sup _{u\in U}|f(u)|.}

If s {\displaystyle s} is a scalar then

sup | f ( s U ) | = | s | sup | f ( U ) | {\displaystyle \sup |f(sU)|~=~|s|\sup |f(U)|}

so that if r > 0 {\displaystyle r>0} is a real number and B r ¯ := { c F : | c | r } {\displaystyle {\overline {B_{r}}}:=\{c\in \mathbb {F} :|c|\leq r\}} is the closed ball of radius r {\displaystyle r} centered at the origin then

f ( U ) B 1 ¯  if and only if sup | f ( U ) | 1  if and only if sup | f ( r U ) | r  if and only if f ( r U ) B r ¯ . {\displaystyle f(U)\subseteq {\overline {B_{1}}}\quad {\text{ if and only if }}\quad \sup |f(U)|\leq 1\quad {\text{ if and only if }}\quad \sup |f(rU)|\leq r\quad {\text{ if and only if }}\quad f(rU)\subseteq {\overline {B_{r}}}.}

See also [edit]

  • Bounded linear operator
  • Compact operator – Type of continuous linear operator
  • Continuous linear extension – Mathematical method in functional analysis
  • Contraction (operator theory) – Bounded operators with sub-unit norm
  • Discontinuous linear map
  • Finest locally convex topology
  • Linear functionals
  • Locally convex topological vector space – A vector space with a topology defined by convex open sets
  • Positive linear functional
  • Topologies on spaces of linear maps
  • Topological vector space – Vector space with a notion of nearness
  • Unbounded operator

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Narici & Beckenstein 2011, pp. 126–128.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Narici & Beckenstein 2011, pp. 156–175.
  3. ^ Wilansky 2013, p. 54.
  4. ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, p. 476.
  5. ^ Wilansky 2013, pp. 47–50.
  6. ^ a b c d Narici & Beckenstein 2011, pp. 441–457.
  7. ^ Wilansky 2013, pp. 54–55.
  8. ^ a b c d Wilansky 2013, pp. 53–55.
  9. ^ Wilansky 2013, p. 63.
  10. ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, pp. 451–457.
  11. ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, pp. 225–273.
  12. ^ Wilansky 2013, p. 55.
  13. ^ Wilansky 2013, p. 50.
  14. ^ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, p. 128.
  • Adasch, Norbert; Ernst, Bruno; Keim, Dieter (1978). Topological Vector Spaces: The Theory Without Convexity Conditions. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 639. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN978-3-540-08662-8. OCLC 297140003.
  • Berberian, Sterling K. (1974). Lectures in Functional Analysis and Operator Theory. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 15. New York: Springer. ISBN978-0-387-90081-0. OCLC 878109401.
  • Bourbaki, Nicolas (1987) [1981]. Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1–5. Éléments de mathématique. Translated by Eggleston, H.G.; Madan, S. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN3-540-13627-4. OCLC 17499190.
  • Conway, John (1990). A course in functional analysis. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 96 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN978-0-387-97245-9. OCLC 21195908.
  • Dunford, Nelson (1988). Linear operators (in Romanian). New York: Interscience Publishers. ISBN0-471-60848-3. OCLC 18412261.
  • Edwards, Robert E. (1995). Functional Analysis: Theory and Applications. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN978-0-486-68143-6. OCLC 30593138.
  • Grothendieck, Alexander (1973). Topological Vector Spaces . Translated by Chaljub, Orlando. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. ISBN978-0-677-30020-7. OCLC 886098.
  • Jarchow, Hans (1981). Locally convex spaces. Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner. ISBN978-3-519-02224-4. OCLC 8210342.
  • Köthe, Gottfried (1983) [1969]. Topological Vector Spaces I. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 159. Translated by Garling, D.J.H. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN978-3-642-64988-2. MR 0248498. OCLC 840293704.
  • Narici, Lawrence; Beckenstein, Edward (2011). Topological Vector Spaces. Pure and applied mathematics (Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN978-1584888666. OCLC 144216834.
  • Rudin, Walter (January 1991). Functional analysis . McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN978-0-07-054236-5.
  • Schaefer, Helmut H.; Wolff, Manfred P. (1999). Topological Vector Spaces. GTM. Vol. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York Imprint Springer. ISBN978-1-4612-7155-0. OCLC 840278135.
  • Swartz, Charles (1992). An introduction to Functional Analysis. New York: M. Dekker. ISBN978-0-8247-8643-4. OCLC 24909067.
  • Trèves, François (2006) [1967]. Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN978-0-486-45352-1. OCLC 853623322.
  • Wilansky, Albert (2013). Modern Methods in Topological Vector Spaces. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN978-0-486-49353-4. OCLC 849801114.

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